The pathophysiology and management of writer's cramp is one of the most challenging amongst the various forms of focal dystonias. Frequently, the dystonic postures are confounded by compensatory muscle activity. Correct identification of target muscles for botulinum toxin (BT) injections determines the treatment success. The dosages of different preparations vary, with 1 unit of Botox (R) roughly equalling 3.5 units of Dysport (R). Electromyographic guided injections yield better results and may also decrease the amount of toxin required. Weakness of target muscles interfering with other non-writing activities is a frequently encountered adverse effect. Studies have shown that BT is a safe long-term therapy option.
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Univ London St Georges Hosp, Dept Neurol, Movement Disorders Unit, London SW17 0QT, EnglandUniv London St Georges Hosp, Dept Neurol, Movement Disorders Unit, London SW17 0QT, England
Marion, MH
Afors, K
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机构:Univ London St Georges Hosp, Dept Neurol, Movement Disorders Unit, London SW17 0QT, England
Afors, K
Sheehy, MP
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机构:Univ London St Georges Hosp, Dept Neurol, Movement Disorders Unit, London SW17 0QT, England
机构:Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Byrnes, ML
Thickbroom, GW
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Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Thickbroom, GW
Wilson, SA
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机构:Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Wilson, SA
Sacco, P
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机构:Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Sacco, P
Shipman, JM
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Shipman, JM
Stell, R
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机构:Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Stell, R
Mastaglia, FL
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机构:Univ Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Med Ctr, Australian Neuromuscular Res Inst, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia