Water-based drilling muds, a more environment-friendly candidate than oil-based drilling muds, are wildly used for drilling oil and gas wells. When water-based drilling mud is used for drilling formations with shale containing active clay constituents, it is challenging to preserve stability of the borehole due to clay swelling unless proper inhibition mechanisms are foreseen. In the current study, the feasibility of using Korean red Ginseng root extract was assessed as a clay swelling inhibitor. This root extract is rich in non-ionic surfactants such as Ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and RK1, and is referred to as "biosurfactant" throughout this manuscript. After preparation of mud systems containing problematic clay particles, the clay-swelling inhibition performance of the biosurfactant was systematically investigated through a series of tests, including mud formation, filtration, immersion, sedimentation assisted with optical microscopy, wettability by sessile drop technique, use of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and shale cuttings recovery. The clay-swelling inhibition performance of the biosurfactant was then compared against two clay swelling inhibitors namely CTAB (Cetrimonium bromide, a known cationic surfactant) and potassium chloride. There are some properties associated with the mud systems prepared with biosurfactant solution which makes this product unique. These properties include: remarkable loading capacity of sodium montmorillonite (Mt) which in turn resulted in low rheological profile, poor fluid loss control, creation of stable Mt pellets, creation of larger size and aggregated Mt particles with less hydrophilicity, creation of fully unstable dispersed Mt particles that resulted in good sedimentation over time, less mass loss, and higher shale cuttings recovery, all compared to the baseline fluid made without the presence of biosurfactant. The results of this study indicate that the biosurfactant provides excellent clay swelling inhibition properties, comparable to known inhibitors. The biosurfactant's compatibility with other drilling mud components was also checked, and it was found that the fluid properties are independent of the biosurfactant. The wettability and FTIR analyses were also performed to investigate the mechanisms involved in clay swelling inhibition of the biosurfactant, which are believed to be as a result of coating the clay active surfaces with a hydrophobic layer, hence repelling the water phase. This hydrophobic layer is probably formed by interactions of the hydrophilic group of the Ginsenosides and the oxygen atoms available on the Mt surfaces, when the hydrophobic tail is oriented toward the aqueous phase.
