Strawberry tree blight in Spain, a new disease caused by various Phytophthora species

During surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in garden centres in Majorca, Spain, 31 isolates of Phytophthora were recovered from potted strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo) showing leaf and twig blights. Many isolates of Phytophthora syringae and Phytophthora citrophthora as well as single isolates of P. ramorum, Phytophthora tropicalis and Phytophthora nicotianae were identified on morphological features and on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions from ribosomal DNA genes. Phytophthora syringae was collected most frequently in late autumn and winter, whereas P. citrophthora was dominant during late summer and autumn. In vitro pathogenicity of P. syringae and P. citrophthora was compared with that of P. ramorum by inoculating intact detached leaves of A. unedo with zoospores and twigs with mycelial plugs. In addition, in vitro sporangial production was examined on inoculated excised leaves and on agar plugs at 12, 15 and 20 degrees C. Phytophthora citrophthora produced the largest lesions both on leaves and on twigs at all temperatures. Phytophthora ramorum formed lesions comparable in size to those of P. syringae, but it significantly produced more sporangia on excised leaves and agar plugs. In a log inoculation assay, P. syringae caused large lesions in the inner bark, whereas those of P. ramorum were moderate. Strawberry tree blight has not yet been observed in natural ecosystems in the western Mediterranean areas. Possible biological and environmental limitations hindering disease spread in the wild are discussed.