Unbalanced usage of free-floating bike sharing connecting with metro stations

Free-floating bike-sharing systems allow users to unlock nearby bikes and leave the bikes at any authorized parking area, acting as a time-saving approach for solving the first/last mile problem by connecting trip origins/destinations to metro stations (i.e., bike-and-ride). Inspired by a recent study uncovering the scaling-free phenomenon on the bike-sharing mobility network, this paper addresses the following question: does the power-law distribution also appear in bike-and-ride activities? How does the unbalanced usage pattern of bike-and-ride vary by time and space? To answer the questions, we examine one-week trip orders of free-floating bike sharing in Beijing. We find that the unbalance activities of bike-and-ride show a similar segmented scaling-free feature dis-playing a first sub-linear regime followed by another super-linear regime on weekdays and weekends. The unbalanced features on weekdays are more substantial than those on weekends and uncovered by the time-varying unbalance in different regimes. Moreover, the unbalanced state corresponding to each metro station obeying non-stationary and dramatically changing peak hours on weekdays suggests that commuting between the suburban and urban areas may be the primary source of the unbalance usage of bike -and-ride in Beijing. Our findings can improve the efficient redistribution of bike-sharing supply and promote the coupling efficiency among transportation modes.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.