Numerical simulation of cloud droplet formation in a tank

Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT 6 together with the fine particle model (FPM), numerical simulations of droplet dynamics in a 12.4 m(3) cloud tank were conducted. The coupled fields of water vapor, temperature, flow velocity, particle number concentration, and particle mass concentration inside the cloud tank were computed. The system responses to changes of the wall's temperature and mass fraction of water vapor, respectively, were investigated. Typical times for mixing the cloud tank's contents are in the range of some tens of seconds. The maximum volume-averaged deviations from the mean of temperature and mass fraction of water vapor are around 5% of the respective parameter changes applied to the wall. Time-dependent simulations were performed in order to study the growth of ammonium-sulfate particles in humid air at around room temperature. Supersaturation up to (S-w-1) = 8.2 x 10(-3) was achieved by the expansion of the gas. The particles were activated and grew rapidly to a maximum diameter of 5.2 x 10(-6) m after critical supersaturation was reached. After S-w fell again below the equilibrium value, the particles shrank quickly and deactivated roughly 60 s after activation. The spatial inhomogeneities of temperature and water-vapor concentration cause volume-averaged deviations of the particle number N and diameter d(g) of up to 2.3% and 36%, respectively. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.