Viral IL-10 down-regulates the "MHC-I antigen processing operon" through the NF-κB signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

The HLA-I antigen processing machinery (APM) plays a crucial role in the anticancer immune response. The loss of surface expression of HLA-I molecules is particularly important as this enables tumor cells to evade recognition and lysis by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Transcriptional control of the APM genes is regulated by the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). BCRFl is an Epstein-Barr virus homologue of human IL-10 (hIL-10) and is known as viral IL-10 (vIL-10). vIL-10 shares many immunosuppressive effects with hIL-10 but lacks the immunostimulatory effect of hIL-10. The aim of this study was to assess whether vIL-10 inhibits APM components (TAP-1, TAP-2, LMP-2, LMP-7 and HLA-I) through the NF-kappa B signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This work demonstrated that vIL-10 inhibited NF-kappa B activation by blocking IKK phosphorylation and promoting the expression of IKB. TNF-alpha treatment led to a strong translocation of NF-kappa B p65, whereas pretreatment with vIL-10 before TNF-alpha treatment blocked NF-kappa B p65 translocation. vIL-10 also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced DNA-binding of NF-kappa B p65 in the nucleus. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that NF-kappa B p65 could bind to the TAP-1, TAP-2, LMP-2, LMP-7 and HLA-I gene promoters, and after TNF-alpha stimulation, the down-regulation of TAP-1, TAP-2, LMP-2, LMP-7 and HLA-I transcription by vIL-10 correlated with the suppression of NF-kappa B in CNE-2 cells. Surprisingly, vIL-10 inhibits only TAP-1 and LMP-7 transcription in CNE-1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of NF-kappa B activity may be an important mechanism for vIL-10 suppression of APM (TAP-1, TAP-2, LMP-2, LMP-7 and HLA-I) gene transcription in CNE-2 cells.