Fetal Diaphragmatic Excursion Is Decreased in Hospitalized Pregnant Women Infected with COVID-19 during the Second and Third Trimesters

Objective In the present study, we aimed to evaluate coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) infection effects on fetal diaphragm thickness and diaphragmatic excursion, which together show the quality of diaphragmatic contractions. Study Design One hundred and ninety-two pregnant women were included in this prospective case- control study. Patients were divided into four groups according to their COVID-19 infection history in their second or third trimester: hospitalized COVID19- infected pregnant women group (n 1/4 48), outpatient COVID-19-infected pregnant women group (n 1/4 48), common cold (COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction negative) pregnant women group (n 1/4 48), and noninfected healthy controls (n 1/4 48). The number of patients was determined by power analysis following the pilot study. All participants underwent an ultrasound examination to determine fetal diaphragm parameters at 32 to 37 weeks of gestation. Results Demographic characteristics were similar among the four groups. The gestational age at ultrasound examination and gestational age at delivery were similar among the groups. Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rate was significantly higher in the hospitalized COVID-19-infected pregnant women group than the other groups. The fetal diaphragm thickness during inspiration and expiration, and fetal costophrenic angles at inspiration and expiration were similar among the groups. Fetal diaphragmatic excursion was significantly decreased in the hospitalized COVID-19infected pregnant women group compared with the other groups. Conclusion Our results indicated that moderate maternal COVID-19 infection decreased fetal diaphragmatic excursion, and ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal diaphragmatic excursion before delivery can provide critical information to predict whether infants will require NICU admission.