The Sequential Extraction of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash: Heavy Metals Mobility and Sustainable Application of Ashes

This manuscript focuses on the sustainable utilization of municipal waste incineration ashes in construction, taking into account their substantial concentration of beneficial elements and the potential environmental pollution caused by the leaching of toxic elements due to naturally occurring processes. To assess heavy metal mobility in ashes, a sequential extraction method based on the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was applied. It enables the determination of heavy metal fractions and provides valuable insights into their potential environmental impact and bioavailability. More than 80% of Cd, and Zn, and over 75% of Cu, exhibited strong associations with the most mobile exchangeable fraction, while over 60% of Al and Fe were predominantly bound to reducible. The distribution of As and Cr was relatively balanced between exchangeable and oxidizable fractions, whereas 100% of Pb was exclusively associated with oxidizable fractions, indicating immobilization of this element in the ash. The calculated Risk Assessment Codes and Individual Contamination Factors indicated a quite high to very high risk level for the element's mobility and environmental contamination. For elements like Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, higher concentrations in the samples are associated with higher overall environmental risk. For elements like As and Cr, higher concentrations in the samples are associated with lower overall environmental risk. Studied ash exhibits potential as a resource, but equally it demands rigorous environmental management to ensure responsible utilization. The observed metal mobilization underscores the necessity for stringent containment and treatment measures to mitigate the risk of environmental contamination.