Risk-Sharing Contracts and risk management of bilateral contracting in electricity markets

The liberalization of the electricity sector has conducted to the establishment of spot markets, derivative markets and private bilateral contracts to trade electricity, increasing the competition in the sector. Spot markets are composed of day-ahead, intraday and real-time markets, and their prices are highly volatile. Derivative markets are composed of physical and financial products to hedge against spot price volatility. Players can set the terms and conditions of private bilateral contracts but these have several risks that can be mitigated using a risk management process composed of three phases: risk assessment, characterization and hedging. This paper focuses on both risk attitude and risk-sharing, and how they can influence the negotiation of the price. It presents the standard and non-standard designs of a new type of contract, the Risk-Sharing Contract (RSC). Furthermore, it describes the trading process of these contracts and introduces a negotiation strategy for dealing with risk. It also presents case studies on bilateral contracting involving the negotiation of RSCs, where different demand and supply agents interact and trade according to the rules of an alternating offers protocol. Results from the case studies prove the benefit of RSCs to hedging against spot price volatility, benefiting risk-averse players by reducing the price risk and conducting mutually beneficial agreements. While the use of derivatives products can conduct losses/revenues between -15% and 3% concerning the spot market, by using non-standard RSCs those outputs vary between -1% and 3% with substantially less risk.