Reliable and infrastructure-independent routing for the internet of vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new framework for intelligent transportation systems. One of its goals is to improve safety and increase the quality of service for passengers. Topology changes in IoV present significant challenges to the function of safety applications. Most routing algorithms offer their solution, independent of infrastructure or based exclusively on infrastructure. Although the lack of access to roadside units disrupts infrastructure-based algorithms, methods that do not use infrastructure will also not enjoy the benefits of high-speed data transmission. This research proposes the reliable and infrastructure-independent routing (RIIR) routing algorithm to increase the reliability of real-time routing in the IoV. The RIIR, in addition to simultaneous covering capability to use intelligent infrastructure for accelerating data transmission and flexibility in conditions of lack of access to infrastructure, by introducing three new criteria entitled "history of vehicle movement," "conformity of vehicle speed with the harmonic speed average of nearby vehicles," and "number of reliable neighbors," scores vehicles and then selects the most suitable vehicles as route members. The RIIR measures the conformity of the previous presence of vehicles on the current route and the stability of their link with adjacent vehicles. Furthermore, it prevents congestion by halting the spread of route request messages at intersections not leading to the destination. The efficiency of the RIIR has been theoretically proven, and extensive simulations with multiple scenarios in SUMO and NS3 show the superiority of the RIIR in increasing the packet delivery rate and reducing route failure, average delay, and control overhead.