pregnancy;
breastfeeding;
human breast milk;
breastfed infants;
metabolism;
supplementation;
vitamin D;
D SUPPLEMENTATION;
DOUBLE-BLIND;
D DEFICIENCY;
BONE HEALTH;
FED INFANTS;
FOLLOW-UP;
LACTATION;
TRIAL;
MILK;
MANAGEMENT;
D O I:
10.3390/ijms241511881
中图分类号:
Q5 [生物化学];
Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号:
071010 ;
081704 ;
摘要:
Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the ideal food in the first six months of life; however, paradoxically, vitamin D content in human breast milk is clearly low and insufficient to obtain the recommended intake of 400 IU daily. This article summarizes the extraordinary metabolism of vitamin D during pregnancy and its content in human breast milk. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women and/or nursing mothers and its potential maternal-fetal consequences are analyzed. The current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants to prevent hypovitaminosis D in breastfed infants are detailed. Low vitamin D content in human breast milk is probably related to active changes in human lifestyle habits (reduced sunlight exposure).
机构:
Kaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Langer-Gould, Annette
Huang, Stella
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Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Huang, Stella
Van Den Eeden, Stephen K.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Van Den Eeden, Stephen K.
Gupta, Rohit
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h-index: 0
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Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Gupta, Rohit
Leimpeter, Amethyst D.
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h-index: 0
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Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Leimpeter, Amethyst D.
Albers, Kathleen B.
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h-index: 0
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Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Albers, Kathleen B.
Horst, Ron
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机构:
Heartland Assays Inc, Ames, IA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Horst, Ron
Hollis, Bruce
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机构:
Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Hollis, Bruce
Steinman, Lawrence
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h-index: 0
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Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
Steinman, Lawrence
Nelson, Lorene M.
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Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA USAKaiser Permanente So Calif, Dept Res & Evaluat, Pasadena, CA USA
机构:
Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Charleston, SC 29425 USAMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Wagner, C. L.
Eidelman, Arthur I.
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机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Med, Shaare Zedek Med Ctr, Breastfeeding Med, Jerusalem, IsraelMed Univ South Carolina, Dept Pediat, Div Neonatol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
机构:
Univ Paris 11, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP, Serv Gynecol Obstet & Med Reprod, F-92141 Clamart, FranceUniv Paris 11, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP, Serv Gynecol Obstet & Med Reprod, F-92141 Clamart, France
Cordier, Anne-Gael
Courbebaisse, Marie
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机构:
Univ Paris 05, Hop Europeen Georges Pompidou, Croissance & Signalisat Cellulaire Equipe Homeost, INSERM,U845,Serv Physiol Explorat Fonct, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniv Paris 11, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP, Serv Gynecol Obstet & Med Reprod, F-92141 Clamart, France
Courbebaisse, Marie
Souberbielle, Jean-Claude
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Paris 05, Hop Necker Enfants Malad, AP HP, Serv Physiol Explorat Fonct, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniv Paris 11, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP, Serv Gynecol Obstet & Med Reprod, F-92141 Clamart, France