A comprehensive survey on authentication and secure key management in internet of things: Challenges, countermeasures, and future directions

Critical infrastructures such as healthcare, intelligent transportation, and home automation adapt billions of smart IoT devices to handle real-time data effectively in the digital era. The latest development in sensory and communication technologies collaborate directly with modern applications to bridge networking services without human intervention. Most information systems enable the extension of digital technology to demonstrate the potential use of next-generation network services and management. However, recent advancements open various opportunities, including repudiation, data tampering, and security threats in digital security and privacy. Thus, this survey article chooses a systematic literature review to present a comprehensive survey on authentication and key management in IoT. To discuss the major issues involved in IoT environments, this survey categorizes the work progress into four modules: 1. Discuss the broad aspects of convergence technologies, including healthcare, smart farming, intelligent transportation, etc., to address challenges such as security and privacy in IoT; 2. Conduct a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art technologies to identify security requirements, services, and challenges associated with modern IoT applications; 3. Present a systematic approach to review various key agreement schemes based on network models and performance analysis to examine potential vulnerabilities. 4. Show a thematic analysis to determine suitable corrective measurements dealing with various security and privacy issues. Finally, this paper rationalizes significant progress, including research challenges and future directions in IoT to promote new insights.