The Politics of Canada's Return to International Hockey in 1977: Hockey Diplomacy?

In 1977, the Canadian men's national hockey team returned to international competition, marking the end of a controversial boycott launched in 1970 by Canadian ice hockey officials in protest of the International Ice Hockey Federation's refusal to allow professionals to participate in international tournaments. However, Canada's much-heralded presence at the 1977 World Championships in Vienna, Austria, was memorable for mostly the wrong reasons. The hastily assembled team of professionals finished fourth, out of medal contention, and engaged in repeated acts of brutality against its opponents. The team's poor performance and unsportsmanlike conduct subsequently prompted Iona Campagnolo, the minister of state for Fitness and Amateur Sport, to commission a study on Canada's role in international hockey. Drawing from archival diplomatic communications, this article explores the changing political and economic dynamics that shaped the series of negotiations and compromises that culminated in Canada's return to international competition in 1977 and the fallout from its performance there. It argues that Canada's return to the International Ice Hockey Federation's World Championships in 1977 with a team of professionals marked a pivotal moment in the history of international hockey, further propelling the sport into a new era of commodification and accentuating the decline of the traditional amateur ideal-developments that consolidated the power of the National Hockey League in international hockey and over the Canadian men's national team.