Predictors of the use of restraint in inpatient psychiatric care among patients admitted via the emergency department

Background: Coercive measures are associated with negative consequences for both patients and hospital staff. The aim of the study was to identify predictors for the use of restraints in the emergency department and in subsequent inpatient care.Method: Retrospective routine clinical data of all patients admitted to the psychiatric departments of Vivantes Klinikum Am Urban in Berlin via the emergency department in 2019 was examined case-wise (n = 2584) as well as patient-wise (n = 2118).Results: Of all cases admitted via the emergency department, 195 cases (7.5%) experienced restraints and re-straints combined with drug sedation during their inpatient treatment. Of the 2584 cases admitted via the emergency department, 195 cases (7.5%) experienced restraints and restraints combined with drug sedation during their inpatient treatment. These 195 cases experienced a total of 358 restraints and were distributed across 159 individuals. Multivariate regression analyses on patient-level show that age (p < .001), judicial placement (p < .001), and police referral in the presence of others (p < .001) had a statistically significant effect on the use of restraint.Discussion: The results indicate that certain patient characteristics increase the risk of restraints. A majority of the findings of this study underline previous research findings. However, ICD-10 diagnosis and gender do not prove to be significant variables, contrary to expectations based on previous.