How to use quality indicators for antimicrobial stewardship in your hospital: a practical example on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) teams are responsible for performing an AMS programme in their hospitals that aims to improve the quality of antibiotic use. Measuring the quality of antimi-crobial use is a core task of a stewardship team. Measurement provides insight into the current quality of antibiotic use and allows for the establishment of goals for improvement. Yet, a practical description of how such a quality measurement using quality indicators (QIs) should be performed is lacking.Objectives: To provide practical guidance on how a stewardship team can use QIs to measure the quality of antibiotic use in their hospital and identify targets for improvement.Sources: General principles from implementation science, peer-reviewed publications, and experience from clinicians and researchers with AMS experience.Content: We provide step-by-step guidance on how AMS teams can use QIs to measure the quality of antibiotic use. The principles behind each step are explained and illustrated with the description and re-sults of an audit of patients receiving outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in four Dutch hospitals.Implications: Improving the quality of antibiotic use is impossible without first gaining insight into that quality by performing a measurement with validated QIs. This step-by-step practice example of how to use quality indicators in a hospital will help AMS teams to identify targets for improvement. This enables them to perform their AMS programme more effectively and efficiently. Ralf Stemkens, Clin Microbiol Infect 2023;29:182 (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).