Latest avenues and approaches for biohydrogen generation from algal towards sustainable energy optimization: Recent innovations, artificial intelligence, challenges, and future perspectives

The limited resources of fossil fuels and bio energies, along with the environmental pollution caused by their combustion, make it necessary to search for renewable and clean alternative sources and to optimize the available current energies specifically for required energy for using in buildings. This is mandatory for a solution of future energy production issues as huge consumption of energy in buildings and structures is unavoidable in buildings for instance China's higher education buildings consume huge amounts of bioenergy. Most of the attention in the production of biofuel has been focused on the use of plant biomass, agricultural waste, solid waste, and sewage treatment sludge. Today, there are renewable resources to replace fossil fuels such as biofuels for usage in buildings required energy; however, in the last decade, the cultivation of microalgae has been proposed as another option for biomass production. Utilization of algae biomass is more costeffective than vegetable crops in terms of water consumption and cultivated area and reduces costs and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Artificial intelligence is a tool to help for this utilization and becoming much better in recent researches. Many types of microalgae, due to their high ability to consume organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, can grow in different water environments, including urban, industrial, agricultural wastewaters, and wastewaters containing animal waste, which contain large amounts of organic and inorganic carbon. There are nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements that act as a biological filter that with extensive studies and inventing new methods, cost-effective production of algae-biofuels can be achieved. This review goals to run over the latest innovations and artificial intelligence approaches for biohydrogen generation from algal towards sustainable energy optimization and greener environment for buildings required energy. The current state of the art, existing and upcoming challenges, latest technologies, and solutions to overcome existing limitation are & COPY; 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.