Exploring power system flexibility regulation potential based on multi-base-station cooperation self-optimising sleep strategy for 5G base stations

5G base stations (BSs) are potential flexible resources for power systems due to their dynamic adjustable power consumption. However, the ever-increasing energy consumption of 5G BSs places great pressure on electricity costs, and existing energy-saving measures do not fully utilise BS wireless resources in accordance with dynamic changes in communication load, resulting in flexible resource waste and seriously limiting electricity cost savings for 5G BSs. A multi-BS cooperation self-optimising sleep strategy for 5G BSs that consists of an initial user association stage based on multi-BS cooperation (MBSC) and a self-optimising variable-threshold sleep stage (SVTS). First, a heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) model is established. Then, a 5G BS economic optimisation model is constructed, which aims at minimising the electricity cost of the BSs and takes the BS and user equipment (UEs) states in the HCN model as constraints to clarify the optimisation objective and constraints for the proposed strategy. Furthermore, BSs are initially associated with UEs through MBSC, and idle and lightly loaded BSs are then maximally put to sleep through SVTS to reduce power and energy consumption and thereby realise economic optimisation of the BSs. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the proposed strategy and illustrate the ability of 5G BSs to provide flexible resource regulation for power systems.