Social determinants of health and cardiometabolic risk factors in Nepal: A scoping review

Aims: Cardiometabolic risk factors are modifiable contributors to cardiometabolic dis-ease and adverse outcomes. Cardiometabolic risk factors are emerging health concerns among adults in low and middle-income countries. The role of social determinants of health on cardio-meta gaps. Data synthesis: A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases: PubMed (MED-LINE), Web of Science (Clarivate), and CINAHL (EBSCO). Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) Scoping Re-view methodology and PRISMA extension for scoping reviews-SCRA guided this review. Forty-four cross-sectional studies published between 2010 and 2022 were eligible for this review. Men were more likely to have hypertension, while women were more likely to have obesity and abdominal obesity. Participants from marginalized caste/ethnicity, urban regions, and those with lower education, and greater wealth index had a greater likelihood of hypertension, dysli-pidemia, and hyperglycemia; however, differences across these sociodemographic subgroups are narrowing. Smoking, harmful alcohol use, high salt intake, low fruit and vegetable intake, and sedentary lifestyles were associated with one or more cardiometabolic risk factors. Finally, one cardiometabolic risk factor increased the risk of others. Conclusions: Findings reflect that Nepal is at the intersection of rapid urbanization, nutritional transition, and socioeconomic shift. Future studies should take a multilevel approach to investi-gate the role of social determinants in increasing the cardiometabolic risk burden in Nepal. (c) 2023 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Ital-ian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.