Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in Lactobacillus spp. from poultry probiotic products and their horizontal transfer among Escherichia coli

The study was conducted to identify the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in Lactobacillus spp. from poultry probiotic products and their potential to spread among Escherichia coli. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated and identified from 35 poultry probiotic samples based on the cultural, biochemical, and molecular findings. All the isolates (n = 35) were screened for the presence of some ARGs such as beta-lactamases encoding genes (blaTEM, blaCTXM-1, and blaCTXM-2), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS), and tetracy-cline resistance genes (tetA and tetB). Five Lactobacillus spp. isolates from three brands were positive for one or more ARGs. The qnrS was detected in four isolates. The blaTEM and tetB were detected in two isolates. One isolate contained blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, and tetA genes. Brand-wise analysis revealed that one isolate from Brand 4 contained blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, qnrS, and tetA genes, one isolate from Brand 2 contained blaTEM gene, and three isolates from Brand 7 harbored qnrS gene. The co-culture of Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli resulted in the transmission of qnrS, CTX-M-1, and tetA from Lactobacillus spp. to E. coli. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the highest resistance was observed to cefepime and cefotaxime followed by penicillin G, oxacillin, cefuroxime, and ofloxacin. The findings of the present study indicate the potential risk of horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance through probiotic bacteria among the poultry population. There-fore, it is very necessary to check for ARGs along with other attributes of probiotic bacteria to avoid the inclusion of resistant strains in probiotics.