Brain growth in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Background and PurposeTo perform a volumetric evaluation of the brain in fetuses with right or left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and to compare brain growth trajectories to normal fetuses. MethodsWe identified fetal MRIs performed between 2015 and 2020 in fetuses with a diagnosis of CDH. Gestational age (GA) range was 19-40 weeks. Control subjects consisted of normally developing fetuses between 19 and 40 weeks recruited for a separate prospective study. All images were acquired at 3 Tesla and were processed with retrospective motion correction and slice-to-volume reconstruction to generate super-resolution 3-dimensional volumes. These volumes were registered to a common atlas space and segmented in 29 anatomic parcellations. ResultsA total of 174 fetal MRIs in 149 fetuses were analyzed (99 controls [mean GA: 29.2 +/- 5.2 weeks], 34 fetuses left-sided CDH [mean GA: 28.4 +/- 5.3 weeks], and 16 fetuses right-sided CDH [mean GA: 27 +/- 5.4 weeks]). In fetuses with left-sided CDH, brain parenchymal volume was -8.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] [-13.1, -2.5]; p = .005) lower than normal controls. Differences ranged from -11.4% (95% CI [-18, -4.3]; p < .001) in the corpus callosum to -4.6% (95% CI [-8.9, -0.1]; p = .044) in the hippocampus. In fetuses with right-sided CDH, brain parenchymal volume was -10.1% (95% CI [-16.8, -2.7]; p = .008) lower than controls. Differences ranged from -14.1% (95% CI [-21, -6.5]; p < .001) in the ventricular zone to -5.6% (95% CI [-9.3, -1.8]; p = .025) in the brainstem. ConclusionLeft and right CDH are associated with lower fetal brain volumes.