Techno-economic analysis of PV-diesel-battery hybrid power systems for industrial towns under different climates in Spain

This study aimed to provide a techno-economic analysis of hybrid energy systems, including wind turbines, photovoltaic systems (PV) panels, diesel generators, and batteries, for selected cities in five different climate zones in Spain to meet the load requirements of industrial towns. Homer software was used to determine the most efficient configuration for supplying the average load of the industrial sector, with a value of 1500 kWh/day and a peak load of 114.58 kW, and the residential sector, with a value of 150 kWh/day and a peak load of 27.85 kW. Optimization is carried out to minimize the evaluation parameters of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). According to the software outputs, it appears that the system utilizes a variety of renewable energies. The priority is to use all hybrid system components, and the wind-PV-diesel-battery configuration has performed best in all cities. The cities of A Coruna, Bilbao, Ponferrada, Almeria, Barcelona, Salamanca, Seville, Zaragoza, and Madrid, respectively, with NPC values of 1.39, 1.67, 1.76, 1.92, 2.23, 2.29, 2.39, 2.55, 2.61 $/kWh and COE values of 0.199, 0.24, 0.252, 0.276, 0.32, 0.329, 0.343, 0.366, 0.374 $/kWh have economic efficiency from the highest to the lowest. Reducing pollution production is one of the key reasons for approaching hybrid technologies. In this regard, A Coruna has the lowest carbon emissions among the selected cities, with 25,190, and 95.5% of its energy production is renewable. On the other hand, Madrid, which uses 89% renewable energy, has the highest carbon dioxide production with a value of 59,242. The system analysis in different cities of Spain provides insight into the conditions necessary for establishing such systems in different climate zones, which can serve as a road map for other places in the country.