The pomegranate-derived peptide Pug-4 alleviates nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced inflammation by suppressing NF-kB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation

The respiratory pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the most common cause of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), of which an excessive inflammatory response is a hallmark. With the limited success of current medicines there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutics that are both safe and effective. In this study, we explored the regulatory potential of pomegranate -derived peptides Pug -1, Pug -2, Pug -3, and Pug -4 on NTHi-induced inflammation. Our results clearly showed that to varying degrees the Pug peptides inhibited NTHi-induced production of IL -10, a pivotal cytokine in COPD, and showed that these effects were not related to cytotoxicity. Pug -4 peptide exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. This was demonstrated in all studied cell types including murine (RAW264.7) and human (differentiated THP-1) macrophages as well as human lung epithelial cells (A549). Substantial reduction by Pug -4 of TNF-a, NO and PGE2 in NTHi-infected A549 cells was also observed. In addition, Pug -4 strongly inhibited the expression of nuclear -NF -KB p65 protein and the NF -KB target genes (determined by IL -10, TNF-a, iNOS and COX -2 mRNA expression) in NTHi-infected A549 cells. Pug -4 suppressed the expression of NLRP3 and pro -IL -10 proteins and inhibited NTHi-mediated cleavage of caspase-1 and mature IL -10. These results demonstrated that Pug -4 inhibited NTHi-induced inflammation through the NF -KB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our findings herein highlight the significant antiinflammatory activity of Pug -4, a newly identified peptide from pomegranate, against NTHi-induced inflammation. We therefore strongly suggest the potential of the Pug -4 peptide as an anti-inflammatory medicine candidate for treatment of NTHi-mediated inflammation.