Lake Ice From Historical Records to Contemporary Science

Lake ice phenology is a critical component of the cryosphere and a sensitive indicator of climate change that has some of the longest records related to climate science. Records commenced for numerous reasons including navigation, hydropower development, and individual curiosity, demonstrating the value of lake ice as a seasonal event of significant importance to a broad swath of peoples and countries. At the same time, lake ice loss has been rapid and widespread with lakes losing ice at an average rate of 17 days per century. In this Perspective, we examine the earliest known records of ice cover and the scientific studies that developed from that practice of record keeping. Studies in lake ice began in the nineteenth Century and have included relationships between climate, biology, and ice cover. Early studies developed some of the foundational principles that limnologists and climate scientists are still exploring, such as the relationship between ice phenology and climate variables, large-scale climate oscillations, and morphological characteristics, with implications for lake ice physical structure and under-ice ecosystems in a warming climate. We conclude with an examination of the state of the field and how these centuries-long lake ice records can continue to inform cutting edge science by validating satellite remote sensing techniques, in addition to modeling approaches and collaborations across disciplines, that can improve our understanding of the loss of lake ice in a warmer world. The extensive study of lake ice began in the 1800s along with the collection of many long-term ice records Lake ice has long been used and understood as a sensitive indicator of climate change and variability Opportunities abound for harmonizing diverse data, modeling approaches, and connecting research ideas across all cryospheric components