Comparing the determinants of household carbon footprints between rural and urban: evidence from China household survey data

PurposeUrbanization is driving the growth of China's carbon footprint. It's important to investigate what factors, how and to what extent, affect carbon footprints embedded in various categories of rural and urban households' consumption.Design/methodology/approachWe employ an environmental extended input-output model to assess and compare the rural-urban household carbon footprints and perform a multivariant regression analysis to identify the varying relationships of the determinants on rural and urban household carbon footprints based on the panel data of Chinese households from 2012 to 2018.FindingsThe results show evidence of urbanity density effect on direct carbon footprints and countervailing effect on indirect carbon footprints. The old dependency ratio has no significant effect on rural family emissions but has a significantly negative effect on urban direct and indirect carbon footprints. A higher child dependency ratio is associated with less rural household carbon emissions while the opposite is true for urban households. Taking advantage of recycled fuel saves direct carbon emissions and this green lifestyle benefits urban households more by saving more carbon emissions. There is a positive relationship between consumption structure ratio and direct carbon footprints while a negative relationship with indirect carbon footprints and this impact is less significant for urban households. The higher the price level of water, electricity and fuel, the lower the rural household's direct carbon footprints. Private car ownership consistently augments household carbon footprints across rural and urban areas.Originality/valueThis paper provides comprehensive findings to understand the relationships between an array of determinants and China's rural-urban carbon emissions, empowering China's contribution to the global effort on climate mitigation.