Interleukin-4 induced 1-mediated resistance to an immune checkpoint inhibitor through suppression of CD8+ T cell infiltration in melanoma

Cancer cells adopt multiple strategies to escape tumor surveillance by the host immune system and aberrant amino acid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment suppresses the immune system. Among the amino acid-metabolizing enzymes is an L-amino-acid oxidase called interleukin-4 induced 1 (IL4I1), which depletes essential amino acids in immune cells and is associated with a poor prognosis in various cancer types. Although IL4I1 is involved in immune metabolism abnormalities, its effect on the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is unknown. In this study, we established murine melanoma cells overexpressing IL4I1 and investigated their effects on the intratumor immune microenvironment and the antitumor efficacy of anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies (Abs) in a syngeneic mouse model. As a result, we found that IL4I1-overexpressing B16-F10-derived tumors showed resistance to anti-PD-L1 Ab therapy. Transcriptome analysis revealed that immunosuppressive genes were globally upregulated in the IL4I1-overexpressing tumors. Consistently, we showed that IL4I1-overexpressing tumors exhibited an altered subset of lymphoid cells and particularly significant suppression of cytotoxic T cell infiltration compared to mock-infected B16-F10-derived tumors. After treatment with anti-PD-L1 Abs, we also found a more prominent elevation of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) marker, CD68, in the IL4I1-overexpressing tumors than in the mock tumors. Consistently, we confirmed an enhanced TAM infiltration in the IL4I1-overexpressing tumors and a functional involvement of TAMs in the tumor growth. These observations indicate that IL4I1 reprograms the tumor microenvironment into an immunosuppressive state and thereby confers resistance to anti-PD-L1 Abs.