A comprehensive scouting of space cooling technologies in Europe: Key characteristics and development trends

This paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy and assessment of existing and emerging space cooling technologies in Europe. The study aims to categorize 32 alternative space cooling technologies based on eight scouting parameters (physical energy form, basic working/operating principle, refrigerant or heat transfer medium, phase of the working fluid, specific physical process/device, type of space cooling technology, fuel type and technology readiness level) and evaluate their key characteristics and development trends. The increasing demand for space cooling in Europe necessitates a thorough understanding of these technologies and their potential for energy efficiency. The majority of space cooling demand in Europe is currently met by conventional vapour compression systems, while a small portion is covered by thermally-driven heat pumps. The study reveals that several alternative space cooling technologies show promise for energy-efficient cooling but are not yet competitive with vapour compression systems in terms of efficiency and cost in the short-term and medium-term. However, technologies such as membrane heat pumps, thermionic systems, thermotunnel systems, and evaporative liquid desiccant systems demonstrate cost-competitiveness and energy efficiency in specific applications. The findings highlight the need for further research and development to improve the efficiency, costs, and market competitiveness of alternative space cooling technologies. The study also emphasizes the importance of policy support and the urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can drive the adoption and advancement of sustainable cooling solutions.