Breastfeeding continuation is associated with trait mindfulness but not with trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms

Objective: The WHO recommends breastfeeding for at least six months as breastfeeding has many benefits for both infant and mother. The association of breastfeeding continuation with trait mindfulness during pregnancy and trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms has not been examined yet. The current study aimed to assess this association using cox regression analysis.Design, setting and participants: The current research is part of a large longitudinal prospective cohort study following women from 12 weeks of pregnancy onwards in the South-East part of the Netherlands.Measurements: A total of 698 participants filled out the Three Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (TFMQ-SF) at 22 weeks of pregnancy and completed both the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and questions on breastfeeding continuation one week, six weeks, four months, and eight months postpartum. Breastfeeding continuation was defined as exclusive breastfeeding or both breastfeeding and formula. The assessment eight months postpartum was used as a proxy for the WHO recommendation to continue breastfeeding for at least six months.Findings: Two trajectories (classes) of EPDS scores were determined using growth mixture modeling: 1) low stable ( N = 631, 90.4%), and 2) increasing ( N = 67, 9.6%). Cox regression analysis showed that the trait mindfulness facet non-reacting was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of breastfeeding discontinuation (HR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.94, 0.99], p = .002), while no significant association was found for belonging to the increasing EPDS class versus belonging to the low stable class ( p = .735), adjusted for confounders.Key conclusions: This study is the first to show that higher trait mindfulness non-reacting scores, but not persistently low levels of postpartum depressive symptoms, increase the likelihood of breastfeeding continuation.Implications for practice: Improving non-reacting in perinatal women by meditation practice as part of a mindfulness-based intervention may lead to better breastfeeding continuation outcomes. Several mindfulness-based programs may be suitable.& COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )