Using empirical science education in schools to improve climate change literacy

Providing children with a clear understanding of climate change drivers and their mitigation is crucial for their roles as future earth stewards. To achieve this, it will be necessary to reverse the declining interest in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education in schools in the UK and other countries, as STEM skills will be critical when designing effective mitigation solutions for climate change. The 'Heat-Cool Initiative' was co-designed and successfully implemented in five primary/secondary UK schools, as a playful learning tool to unleash student interest in STEM subjects. 103 students from two cohorts (years 5-6 and 7-9) participated in five Heat-Cool activity sessions where they used infrared cameras to explore the issue of urban heat. Their learning was evaluated using a multi-functional quantitative assessment, including pre-and post-session quizzes. Climate change literacy increased by 9.4% in primary school children and by 4.5% in second-ary school children. Analyses of >2000 infrared images taken by students, categorised into 13 common themes, revealed age-related differences in children's cognitive development. At primary school age, images of the 'self' dominated; secondary school children engaged more with their physical environment. This novel approach demonstrated the importance of developing tailored technology-enhanced STEM education programmes for different age cohorts, leading to a high capacity for improving learning outcomes regarding climate change. Such programmes, embedded in school curricula nationally and internationally, could become a much-needed positive contribution to reaching the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, especially Goals 4 (Quality Edu-cation) and 13 (Climate Action).