A comprehensive review on the modeling of tropical cyclone boundary layer wind field

Tropical cyclone (TC) wind field models are becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex. This review systematically discusses a range of models capable of simulating TCs in terms of modifications or simplifications of the governing equation, the Navier-Stokes equations, as a starting point. The discussion focuses on linear models, which include slab models, height-resolving models, and numerical simulation methods, respectively. The linear model offers quick calculations and insights into physical mechanisms, while slab models have limitations in capturing important processes and site conditions. The height-resolving model is widely used for Monte Carlo simulations, providing realistic three-dimensional wind structures. Nonlinear simulations yield reliable results for typhoon trajectory prediction, although they require specific boundary and initial conditions. Integration of nonlinear simulation with artificial intelligence and machine learning shows promise for faster typhoon prediction. However, challenges remain in terms of data training for machine learning models. Future advancements in these areas have the potential to enhance hazard assessment and weather forecasting. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)