Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and probabilistic ecological risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of Daya Bay (China) using diffusive gradients in thin films

This research is one main objective to assess combined toxicity of trace metal mixtures in aquatic biota in coastal sed-iments. Coastal sediments around the world are a major reservoir of trace metals from industrial wastewater discharge. Our case study site, Daya Bay in southern China, was selected because it has been under severe man-made impacts. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has proven to be a good method for measuring the bioavailability of trace metals. The bioavailability and distribution of trace metals in surface sediments were investigated along with their possible biological risks. The average bioavailable (DGT-labile) concentrations (mu g/L) were 0.44 (V), 0.51 (Cr), 52.49 (Mn), 0.10 (Co), 1.36 (Ni), 0.74 (Cu), 14.53 (Zn), 0.97 (As), 0.14 (Se), 6.73 (Mo), 0.17 (Cd), 0.27 (Sb), 0.10 (W), and 1.32 (Pb). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) is a robust multivariate ordination method that makes no assumptions about the distribution of the underlying data. NMS was used to explore that DGT-labile concentra-tions of trace metals were influenced by sediment properties. NMS results indicated that most DGT-labile trace metals in-fluenced by sediment properties. Risk assessment of single trace metal toxicity revealed that risk quotient (RQ) values for Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb significantly exceeded 1, demonstrating that the toxic effects of these trace metals should be not ig-nored. The probabilistic ecological risk assessment for integral toxicity of one mixture of 14 trace metals revealed that Daya Bay surface sediments had a low probability (9.04 %) of adverse effects on aquatic biota.