Laboratory observations of solute transport in groundwater basins

This paper introduces a method of groundwater pollution source identification obtained from laboratory by a physical instrument of Flow System Sand-Box Model. A Unit basin of a simple flow system and a T ' othian basin of a hierarchically nested flow structure are introduced as case studies. We add step-input solutes at recharge zones, separately or simultaneously, to obtain the breakthrough curves (BTCs) at each discharge zone. For the Unit basin, its BTC shows a gradual upward trend with a decreasing slope but with two more pronounced steps, which differs a lot from previous results of analytical and numerical solutions. These steps are caused by the settings of the current physical instrument as no solutes are input at the upper two discharge ports. For the T ' othian basin, internal steps may exist due to the late-time arrival of intermediate and regional groundwater flow systems. Although the Unit basin and T ' othian basin can both have internal steps in the BTCs, they are due to different reasons. By jointly solving solute mass balance equations with water mass balance equations, the circulation rate for each flow system is calculated, which quantitatively explains the phenomena encountered in the experiment and highlights the important contributions of intermediate and regional flow systems to the entire groundwater circulation. We indirectly obtain the pulse-input BTCs by deriving the step-input BTCs respective to time, which is also the residence time distribution (RTD) of the groundwater basin, that the groundwater pollution sources can be identified. The pulse-input BTC is characterized by peaks and sloping tails. The peaks correspond to the intermediate and regional groundwater flow systems. The sloping tails indicate the rate at which solutes are flushed out or contaminants fade away. By inputting tap water into the groundwater basin to purify the contaminations, we conduct self-purification experiments. The shapes of the solute-input curves and the selfpurification curves are systematically symmetrical. As the self-purification experiment has less external interference, it is possible to use the self-purification curves to characterize and identify the groundwater flow system. This study proposes a physical method for identifying sources of groundwater contamination, and achieves a comprehensive understanding of the law of solute transport in groundwater basins, which could guide the prevention of non-point contamination at the basin scale.