Phytoplankton metabolism in a stratified nearshore ecosystem with recurrent harmful algal blooms (HABs)

The coastal ocean is experiencing changes in its physical and chemical properties that strongly affect planktonic metabolism assemblages and, in some cases, favor the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Here we analyze the variations in phytoplankton biomass, gross and net primary production (NCP) as well as community respiration (CR) at two nearshore sampling sites (P1 and P2) located at a Mediterranean beach where high biomass HABs are recurrent. At P1, the most exposed site, phytoplankton chlorophyll was generally low, whereas dinoflagellates outbreaks of the genus Gymnodinium and Alexandrium were recurrent during summer at P2 spanning for 10-20 days. During bloom episodes, NCP increased up to 10-fold (>80 mmol O2 m(-3) day(-1)). Contrastingly, variation in CR only reached an average of 1.8-fold the rates of non-bloom conditions. Remarkably, although the enhanced NCP:CR ratio suggests net autotrophic population growth, production per unit biomass at P1 and P2 was not significantly different. Our results indicate that although summer conditions favor the necessary primary production enhancement leading to HAB occurrences, the short-term dynamics driving high biomass episodes are not driven by metabolic variations but instead are governed by subtle accumulative processes of some flagellate species in the nutrient-rich nearshore environment.