Association Between Energy and Macronutrient Intakes and Weight Change After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence on the associations of energy and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) with weight loss in adults after sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass and to determine whether these dietary characteristics of patients with suboptimal weight loss (SWL) or weight regain differ from those without these experiences.Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until December 2021. Twenty-three observational studies were included.Results Studies on the association of postoperative energy and macronutrients and weight loss used diverse approaches. Pooled results showed that patients with SWL consumed more energy than those with acceptable weight loss. Weight regain -ers consumed more energy and carbohydrates and less protein than non-regainers.Conclusions Higher energy consumption is related to SWL and weight regain after surgery. Associations between macro-nutrients and weight outcome following bariatric surgery warrant further investigation.