Modification of Homotopy Perturbation Algorithm Through Least Square Optimizer for Higher Order Integro-Differential Equations

In this manuscript, modification of homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is proposed for integro-differential equations by coupling the least square method (LSM) with HPM. Improved accuracy in a very few iterations is the general advantage of this technique. The proposed method is applied to different higher order integro-differential equations of linear and nonlinear nature, and results are compared with exact as well as available solutions from the literature. Numerical and graphical analy-sis reveal that the proposed algorithm is reliable for integro-differential equations and hence can be utilized for more complex problems.