Current scenario and future perspective of food waste into Li-ion based batteries -A critical review

Due to their superior overall performance, carbonaceous materials have gained recognition as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hard carbons materials have recently received a lot of interest as carbonaceous anode materials for high-energy LIBs. The enhanced microcrystalline structure of hard carbons is one of their most desirable characteristics since it not only helps to incorporate more Li + ions but also enables the intercalation and deintercalation of those ions much easier. Recently, biomass derived products are now regarded as one of the alternative green precursors for the development of multifunctional energy storage systems. In this series, lithium-ion batteries produced from the low-cost materials with a sustainable route have received much attention due to their low environmental impacts, stable and high-capacity retention. More interestingly, the ultimate usage of biomass derived carbon materials for portable electronic devices helps to replace the nonrenewable energy sources. In this perspective, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth review to understand the interaction between food waste derived carbon materials and the function of electrochemical reaction mechanism in Lithium ion-based batteries. Also, this paper provides a most recent review of hard carbons from food waste, with an emphasis on fundamental aspects of lithium-ion storage and their material categorization of hard carbons, as well as current issues and potential solutions. The emerging opportunities and perspectives on food waste valorisation to enable the practical implementation of future batteries are also discussed.