Sarcopenic obesity, pathogenesis, and treatment with a focus on exercise and protein intake

Sarcopenic obesity involves the co-occurrence of sarcopenia and obesity, yields more health risks than either condition alone, thus requiring prevention and treatment for healthy aging. In this review, the literature on the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity, the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and treatment with emphasis on exercise and dietary protein were revised. Changes in body composition and sex hormones with age, myocellular mechanisms, inflammation, oxidative stress, physical inactivity, and insufficient protein intake are the main factors associated with the pathogenesis of sarcopenic obesity. Treatment targets weight loss while preserving muscle mass and function. Promising approaches involve high-protein and low-calorie diets combined with aerobic and resistance exercises. In addition to the total amount of protein taken daily, the amount consumed per meal, the type, source, and essential amino acid content of the protein are also important factors.