Enabling PSL and value co-creation through public engagement: a study of municipal service regeneration

PSL shifted focus from collective to individual gains from public services. While beneficial, this comes short of achieving the promise of a comprehensive theory in several respects. We address this problem by: (a) crystallizing the concept of 'value' on a spectrum from public to private value and (b) illustrating how engagement varies, too, on that spectrum. In investigating world applications of PSL, we draw on both qualitative and quantitative data, from both service designers and users. We advance knowledge through a public value enhanced PSL theory, and we guide municipalities to draw on engagement to realize value from services.