Climate Change and Surface Urban Heat Islands in Jakarta: Analysis of Landsat Data and Ground Observations

Climate change has led to an increase in global air temperatures, posing a threat to the liability of capital cities. This study focuses on understanding the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomena, which occurs over cities and is exacerbated by climate change. Spectral indices derived from Landsat data were used to understand SUHI, while trends in air temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were analyzed using ground observation data collected from 1992 to 2022 in the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta. The spectral indices used were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). Land Surface Temperature (LST) was used to represent SUHI. Results indicate that NDMI has the highest Pearson's correlation coefficient with LST (-0.73), followed by EVI (-0.41), SAVI (- 0.4), and NDVI (-0.4). Trend analysis using Mann-Kendal test and Sen's Slope showed a statistically significant increase in air temperature with a slope estimation of 0.03oC per year, while rainfall and relative humidity did not significantly differ over 30 years. SUHI trend analysis showed a statistically significant increase with a slope estimation of 0.1oC from 1992-2022. Mean surface temperature increased from 38.9oC in 1992 to 39.4oC in 2022. Jakarta's surface temperature ranged from 24 degrees C - 57 degrees C across water bodies, vegetation, bare land, urban, and industry, analyzed using Support Vector Machine. This study provides insight into the condition of SUHI over time, allowing the government to make efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change.