Applicability analyses on the end-bearing capacity of gravity installed anchors in clay

As an efficient solution for deepwater moorings, gravity installed anchors (GIAs) have many attractive attributes and play a remarkable role in various deepwater applications. The end-bearing capacity factor offers an efficient method to evaluate GIA end bearing under complex conditions involving multiple factors. It can also assess total anchor bearing capacity. Based on numerous large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses, two formulas have been developed to calculate the end-bearing capacity factors for GIAs in clay under quasi-static or dynamic conditions. Through rigorous statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that the formulas provide accurate predictions of the end-bearing capacity for various GIAs, particularly those with loading characteristics similar to OMNI-Max anchors, i.e., the padeye location and the loading angle. The contribution of the end bearing to the overall bearing capacity of GIAs is analyzed under various loading conditions. Furthermore, a comparative study proves that the formula accounting for the loading rate effect can be degenerated to evaluate the end-bearing capacity factor of the anchors under quasi-static conditions. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the end bearing and offer an efficient solution for determining the total bearing capacity of various GIAs in clay under complex conditions. These findings contribute to the advancement of design and performance assessment of GIAs, enhancing their reliability and effectiveness in applications.