Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Objective Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), predominantly located on the scalp and face, is the second most prevalent skin cancer globally. Due to the increasing elderly population and rising incidence of cSCC, it has been gaining relevance in otorhinolaryngology. Material and Methods This review article is based on a selective PubMed literature search, German and European guidelines and the clinic's own experience. Results In addition to chronic UV exposure, a disruption of the body's own immune system is becoming increasingly important. Vertical tumor thickness is associated with the highest risk of metastatic spread and local recurrence. Other significant risk factors are: horizontal tumor diameter, dedifferentiation, desmoplasia, perineural growth and localization on the face. Most cases are manageable by local excision with histological control of the excision margins. If regional metastases are clinically suspected, the draining cervical lymph node levels should be dissected depending on primary tumor location. cSCC of the upper face and the auricle primarily metastasize to the parotid gland. With the approval of the PD-1-blocking antibody cemiplimab in Europe, an active ingredient has been made available for the treatment of advanced cSCC where surgery or radiotherapy are no longer an option. Conclusions The otherwise very low mortality rate of cSCC increases considerably with metastases. Therefore, imaging, surgical therapy and follow-up intervals should be based on risk factors. This allows early detection of metastases or local recurrences and improves the prognosis.