Nanoarchitectonics in combat against bacterial infection using molecular, interfacial, and material tools

Nanoarchitectonics, as a post-nanotechnology concept, is the methodology for constructing functional materials from nano -units, which bridges the gap between nanotechnology and materials science. The research accomplishes advocating nanoarchitectonics has increased dramatically as overviewed in the initial part of this review. Then, as socially impactful subjects, we exemplify nanoarchitectonics research for bac-terial infections according to classifications featured with mo-lecular tools, interfaces, and hierarchically structured materials. In particular, this review article discusses namely three kinds of antibacterial strategies: (i) new antimicrobial agents and therapeutic modalities based on nano -architectonics present high bactericidal efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; (ii) antimicrobial nanoarchitectonics structures are integrated into the surface of medical devices to detach or kill approaching bacteria; (iii) the nanoarchitectonics hydrogels act as antimicrobial reservoirs to produce sustained-release antimicrobial agents for long-lasting bacterial killing.