A Decade of Exploration of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Overview

During the previous couple of decades, transition-metal (Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Au) catalyzed inter-and intramolecular coupling reactions have attracted huge attention for the construction of C-C and C-heteroatom (like C-N, C-P, C-O, C-S, etc.) bonds to synthesize a diverse range of polymers, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals (mainly fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), as well as biologically and pharmaceutically important organic molecules. Furthermore, the employment of lower cost and easily available metals such as first-row transition-metal salts or metal complexes of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni as catalysts compared to the precious metals such as Pd, Ag, Au in cross-coupling reactions have led to major advances in applications within the fields of synthesis. A number of cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by transition metals have been explored, including Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira, Stille, Kumada, Kochi, Murahashi, Corriu, and Negishi reactions, as well as carbonylative, decarboxylative, reactions and alpha-arylations. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by different transition metals from the year 2009 to date.IntroductionPd-Catalyzed ReactionsC-C Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-N Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-P Cross-Coupling ReactionsNi-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-C Cross-Coupling ReactionsCu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-C Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-O Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-N Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-P Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-Se Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-S Cross-Coupling ReactionsFe-Catalyzed ReactionsC-C Cross-Coupling ReactionsC-S Cross-Coupling ReactionsCo-Catalyzed ReactionsTransition-Metal Nanoparticle-Promoted ReactionsPd NanoparticlesCu NanoparticlesMiscellaneous ReactionsPerspectives and Future Directions