The case for supermajority requirements in referendums

Referendums appear to be the most majoritarian of democratic processes. The simplicity and equality they offer through voting look like the essence of majoritarianism. Indeed, this simplicity and equality are often argued to be central to referendums' appeal. This article argues that this appearance of majoritarianism is misleading. Paradoxically, without supermajority requirements, binding referendums on constitutional issues cannot offer the simplicity and equality majoritarianism requires. This article identifies three different types of majority requirements and where and when these requirements are used worldwide. It then demonstrates why, at least for binding referendums on constitutional questions, special majority requirements are necessary to maintain the principles of majoritarianism. It shows that there is always a case for turnout thresholds in referendums and further special majority requirements depending on the context. Finally, the article argues that the case for special majority requirements can be context-dependent without collapsing into indeterminacy.