DETECTION OF INVA GENE AND THE EMERGENCE OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM ?-LACTAMASE (ESBL) GENES IN SALMONELLA ENTERICA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN ERBIL CITY, IRAQ

Salmonella enterica is a significant foodborne disease, originating from contaminated eggs and meat from poultry being the predominant cause of illness and a serious global public health problem. The aim of this study to determine of antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella enterica virulence (invA) gene and extended spectrum bata-lactamase (ESBL) production in food and hospitalized patients. In the present study, a total (of 630) samples were collected from different specimens. Conventional protocols used to isolate Salmonella enterica. Typical black colonies were verified using the VITEK & REG;2 automated system., subsequently antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) for isolated strains was conducted. In addition, all Salmonella enterica isolates were examined for the presence of the invA gene, as well as phenotype and genetic ESBL production genes (targeting three different resistance genes., blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of 60 samples among (630) via traditional method were black colony, in which 52 positive samples were obtained using VITEK & REG;2 system, while 55 positive samples were reidentified by applying the PCR technique. The highest resistant rate via AST that was recorded against Gentamycin antibiotic, and the result was (94.6%). The disc placement method revealed that all 55 Salmonella enterica isolates showed (ESBL) production. PCR assay revealed that the most frequently identified genes were blaTEM, which was present in (100%) of strains. Genotype analysis of isolates for the presence of the invA gene, in which 37 positive PCR products were sequenced and all sequences (n = 37) were uploaded to GenBank. TEM resistance gene was the most prevalent ESBL type among Salmonella isolates and 37 isolates (n = 37) of Salmonella were identified.