Three Loxocaudinae species (Ostracoda, Podocopida) from South Korea

For many ostracod groups in Korea, published records are missing or are very limited. Loxocaudinae is one such subfamily, with only one named species, Loxocauda orientalis Schornikov, 2011 reported from Korea. Having fewer than 50 species, this subfamily can be considered a small ostracod group, with most of the species known only by their shell morphology. The diagnoses of genera are based on the shell characters that are often homoplastic, and soft body appendages that are difficult to observe, such as the mandibular exopodite. Because of this, the validity of the entire subfamily and some of its genera have been questioned. Here three Loxocaudinae species were collected from the marine macrobenthic assemblages from Korea. Two are new and belong to the genus Glacioloxoconcha Hartmann, 1990, previously known only from Antarctica: Glacioloxoconcha jeongokensis sp. nov. and Glacioloxoconcha jisepoensis sp. nov. Loxocauda orientalis is briefly redescribed, with some of the populations having unusual morphological features. COI and 18S rRNA sequences of all three species are provided and the latter marker used to assess the position of the subfamily within the family Loxoconchidae and the superfamily Cytheroidea. The resulting tree shows that within the family Loxoconchidae, the genera Glacioloxoconcha and Loxocauda Schornikov, 1969 are the most closely related, with very shallow but well-supported branches. Polyphyletic and paraphyletic natures of several Cytheroidea families are discussed, inferred from the reconstructed phylogeny.