Diagnostic Tools for Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Pragmatic Comparison of Pathology, Imaging and Laboratories

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a complex dis-ease considered to be the most common underdiag-nosed form of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Accumulation of misfolded proteins called amyloid fibrils in the extracellular space results in clinical dete-rioration and late diagnosis is associated with morbid-ity and mortality. Both types of this disease, light chain CA and transthyretin-related CA share many cardiac and extracardiac features that compromise multiple organs such as kidneys, musculoskeletal sys-tem, autonomic nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. Early diagnosis and detection of CA are impera-tive. Clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspi-cion among patients with unexplained diastolic heart failure to implement different disease-altering thera-pies at the early stages of the disease. In this article, we provided a comprehensive review of multiple invasive and non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities with their