The effectiveness of problem-based learning compared with lecture-based learning in surgical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background This meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the impact of problem-based learning (PBL) and lecture-based learning (LBL) teaching models on students' learning in surgical education. Methods We systematically searched the publications related to the application of PBL and LBL in surgical courses in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases, the last retrieval time is September 20, 2022. After screening the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting data and evaluating the methodological treatment of the included studies, Stata 17.0 software was used to perform meta-analysis. Results Nine studies were included totally. The results showed that compared with LBL, PBL was superior in clinical competence (SMD = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.12 similar to 1.49, P = 0.020) and student satisfaction (SMD = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.11 similar to 3.15, P < 0.0001) with significant differences. But the comprehensive scores (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: -0.37 similar to 0.89, P = 0.421) and theoretical knowledge (SMD=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.71 similar to 0.33, P = 0.482) to PBL and LBL had no significant difference. Conclusion This study showed that the PBL teaching model is more effective than the LBL teaching model in surgical education on the aspects of enhancing clinical competence and student satisfaction. However, further welldesigned studies are needed to confirm our findings.