Non-contact acoustic method to measure depth-dependent elastic of a kiwifruit

The mechanical properties of a kiwifruit are investigated via non-contact acoustic measurements. Transmitted ultrasonic waves are measured using a static laser source and a rotating laser ultrasound detector. The measurements enable observation of a low-frequency surface wave and a higher frequency direct wave; combined with seismology-inspired theoretical modelling, these measurements enable estimation of several elastic parameters for inner and outer fruit flesh layers. Results indicate that the surface and direct wave velocities and the bulk and Young's moduli all evolve with fruit age/ripeness, while only the direct wave velocity and bulk modulus differ significantly between outer and inner fruit layers.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.