Applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles for the removal of pollutants in wastewater: a review

As an emerging catalyst, bismuth-based nanoparticles (Bi-based NPs) showcase exceptional catalytic performance in the degradation of organic compounds and removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The visible light responsiveness and high catalytic activity enable the effective degradation of diverse pollutants through multiple strategies, garnering significant attention in wastewater remediation and related fields. This review comprehensively discusses the characteristics of various types of Bi-based NPs and derivatives, delving into the removal efficiency in wastewater remediation. This overview encompassed various common synthesis methods for Bi-based NPs and highlighted the catalytic effects arising from the diverse morphologies of Bi-Based NPs. A detailed exploration of recent advancements in the application of Bi-based NPs in wastewater remediation is presented, with a focus on both traditional and emerging strategies and mechanisms to enhance the performance of various catalytic methods. Furthermore, the toxicological impacts of Bi-based NPs and the challenges in future developments are outlined. Finally, the prospects for the practical application of Bi-based NPs are discussed. Hopefully, this review is dedicated to environmental researchers for broadening the actual application of Bi-based NPs in environmental remediation. This review discusses the characteristics and synthesis methods of Bi-based NPs. It delves into the removal efficiency in wastewater, emphasizing traditional/emerging strategies to enhance the performance, mechanisms, toxicology, and challenges.