Advance care planning among African Americans: A review and synthesis of theory application

Objectives Theoretical and conceptual frameworks are often underutilized in research, which may diminish understanding of the phenomena and contribute to the under-development of interventions. The topic of low/disparate rates of Advance Care Planning (ACP) among African Americans has been researched extensively; however, the use of theoretical and/or conceptual frameworks has not been reported. The purpose of this review is to describe theoretical and/or conceptual frameworks utilized in studies that investigated factors affecting perceptions of ACP or ACP rates among African Americans. Methods Utilizing a narrative, literature review process, themes were generated, applied, and described with frequencies across broad categories of study characteristics, framework categories and key constructs, mode of framework application, and quality of framework reporting. Results Four main types of frameworks were found with behavioral frameworks dominating the collection of studies. Complex, systems theoretical frameworks were less common. Framework use and reporting quality findings are described. Significance of results The problem of disparate rates of ACP among African Americans is nuanced and varied, stemming from both internal (e.g., personal, behavioral) and external factors (e.g., living conditions). While important and necessary to focus on internal, psychological factors, it is also vital to incorporate systems' theories such as the Cumulative Disadvantage Theory to better understand and demonstrate inherent complexities. Recommendations for framework use are discussed for research and clinical application. Incorporating complexity science approaches and multi-systems theories may support multi-level modeling needed to understand this problem and reduce ACP disparities in this population.